The root cause of the issue is linked to the collapse of the USSR, by which three independent countries appeared, namely Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. However, there are unclear border definitions related to clashes around the dominant ethnic enclaves, as well as state policies. Soviets left behind industrial and chemical radioactive waste, because they were not concerned about waste disposal and recycling. People with very little knowledge of how to deal with it and a grid of waste products are in charge, and no one knows what they're doing. Also, agricultural resources were limited. Not only does Fergana valleyValley have a lack of natural resources now, but it is also facing rapid population growth and high unemployment rates, even though it has a tremendous effect. That's not its biggest problem, though, because that population is not evenly distributed across the valley. However, the population problem intensifies competition for control and natural resources. Collective farming was abolished after the collapse of the USSR, so it effected the economy, making people more vulnerable to poverty and insecurity. Many colleges, farmers and vagabonds migrated to the cities for employment, where the US six dominated the job market. An excellent example is the city of Osh, which is situated in Kurdistan, but traditionally had a majority of the Uzbek population, at least 1,500 more than its nearest neighbour. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, a large number of courageous people migrated to Osh, culminating in a greater population in 921992.