Media literacy is broadly defined as “the ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create messages in a variety of forms” (Livingstone, 2004, p. 3). People who have low media literacy can be more vulnerable to falling for misinformation, as they may not be aware of, or do not have access to, various media channels for cross-checking and have difficulty critically evaluating the quality of information such as detecting fake images or noticing logical fallacyfallacies. Given that people tend to over-estimateoverestimate their ability to discern misinformation (Jang & Kim, 2018), the actual media literacy should be separately studied, from mere confidence in news processing. To combat the dispersion of misinformation, many media literacy training programs have been created. One successful case called L2D (Learn to Discern) recently published data on the effectiveness data of the program, demonstrating that people who received media literacy training were 13% more likely to detect misinformation than a control group who werewith similar in demographics (Murrock, Amulya, Druckman, & Liubyva, 2018). Although continued endeavors will be needed to find the best method to increase citizens’ media literacy skills, results like L2D suggest that educating people about the basic persuasion and manipulation tactics often used in misinformation can be a potent solution to tackletackling the issue of misinformation.

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