Climate change is the result of rapid urbanisation at all levels in the world. OvMorer than 50% of cities in the world are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change for a number of reasons. Walsh et al. (2010 p.76) estimatuggest that cities are facing the challenges of climate change, may have a responsibility to limit these effects of climate change through mitigation, adaptation, or integration strategies. However, the main problem that is expected to increase (is GHG) emissions, which leads to many issues (Walsh 2010, p.78). This essay outlines three significant impacts caused by climate change in urban areas, and evaluates the effectiveness of mitigation, adaptation, and integration strategies in addressing such problems., Alaso thwell as possible ways to address these issues of sustainability in the long- term. The essay discusses the effectiveness of the three strategies in many aspects, such as cost, (short- or long -term,) and sustainability, and argues that an integration strategy is the best solution which canto relieve these issues.
A major negative effect of climate change is in the urban areas, which may cause a threatening effect on the environment and the residents. Firstly, coastal areas are possibly facing a huge risk due to the sea level rise, such as in Copenhagen (Braw, 2013, p.89). In fact, according to Walsh et al. (2011, p.77) this rise creates the storm surges and floods wthichat have dangerous impacts on a personple’s lifves. In addition, lLoss of biodiversity is the another effect of this change; therefore, athis loss can have a negative effect on the environment. Furthermore, Walsh et al. (2011, p.77) state that the decrease ofin biodiversity affects the ecosystem, withat changes in temperature, precipitation, and habitats. Perhaps even more importantly, air pollution in urban cities may lead to rise in temperature, and may reduce air quality and other meteorological phenomena, such as cloud cover. These can lead to negative effects on the health of the residents (Walsh et al. 2011, p.77).




In urban areas, an effective and suitable solution to deal with (GHG) emissions, which has caused the climate change, is mitigation strategy. This strategy can be very suitable in many countries because it is cheaper than other strategies. In fact, UNDP (2012, p.58) reports that the best example globally to deal successfully with this strategy is Japan, as a result, this country has used renewable energy, such as, solar energy, might lead to reducing the challenges of climate change. Furthermore, Rosenzweig (2010, p.87) estimates that the "PlaNYC 2030" in New York, has aimed for a long-term sustainability plan will probably lower (GHG) emissions by one-third from 2005 to 2025. In addition, this plan is comprehensive and necessary to reduce energy in buildings. Although this strategy has helped to reduce (GHG), it does not provide a sustainable solution for the long-term.