In the past, there was a different focus in archaeology on they study of contemporary hunting and gathering societies. The main aim of it was to acquire more information about similar groups, which wefre outm there in prehistoric time period. Later, archeological focus or objectives shifted from “classification schemes toward more informative schemes” that is somehow linked with past cultural behavior. Those classification schemes, which anthropologists used in the past, are considered ambiguous and were very limited. Therefore, anthropologists no longer hold this view.

I agree with the idea that band represents earlier human societies because its history traces back to around six million years. Foraging bands or hunter-gatherers societies had small populations; less populated, and loosely defined territories. In addition, there are no rich and poor in these societies because of the constant circulation of goods. In the last 10,000 years they become fewer and fewer in numbers and are restricted to deserts like the Kalahari Desert.

- The three types of reciprocal exchange found in band societies are positive, balanced, and negative reciprocity. Positive reciprocity means just giving without expecting anything in return. Balanced reciprocity means giving and receiving the materials goods that havre equal or similar in value. Negative reciprocity means just taking, but not offering anything in return. Even though our books said that the idea of foraging bands exhibits an early form of communicationsm, it could be true somehow. However, I do not believe thatis is true because when we read the history of early bands, it says that there were no rich and poor people. If there are no rich and poor, no class distinction, or discrimination among people, so I do not believe the practice of primitive communism started with bands.

Techniques such as Extended Nursing and Scary Myths were used by Foragers to control their population growth. Extended Nursing was designed to help to feed children, and women are expected to nurse children up to 4/5four and five years of age. In addition, they used Scary Myths and many bands tell adults to avoid sex or they face injury. Therefore, they control population growth.

Shamanism is the concept that is used to explain a collection of animistic practices that came from the region of Siberia. It is basically a practice twhaere the practitioner reach toes the highest level of consciousness to perceive and interact with a spirit world. They believe in things such as the existence of a personal energy body, existence of an impersonal power or vital force, and alternate reality and manyuch more. On the other hand, Totemism is another belief that is associated with animistic religions. The totem basically is an animal or natural thing that represents spiritually. They believe in scared object that is called totems, andwhich have a symbolic meaning to a person of society.